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Classification and checklist of Afrotropical Bembicidae

Checklist of sand wasps of the Afrotropical region

Updated according to Branstetter et al. 2017 and Sann et al. 2018; 2021

(Life: Kingdom: Metazoa (animals); Phylum: Arthropoda; Class: Hexapoda; Order: Hymenoptera; Superfamily: Apoidea; Family: Bembicidae)

Family Bembicidae Latreille, 1802

  • Subfamily Alyssontinae Dalla Torre, 1897

  • Subfamily Bembicinae Latreille, 1802

    • Tribe Bembicini  Latreille, 1802

      • Genus Bembix Fabricius, 1775

        • Bembix abercornensis Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

        • Bembix afra Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix agrestis Parker, 1929 (Ethiopia)

        • Bembix alacris J. Parker, 1929 (Somalia)

        • Bembix albicapilla Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

        • Bembix albata Parker, 1929 (namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembix albopilosa Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix anomalipes Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix arnoldi Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix atrospinosa Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

        • Bembix baumanni Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix bequearti Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix bequearti dira Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix brachyptera Arnold, 1952 (South Africa)

        • Bembix bubalus Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix cameronis Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix capensis Lepeletier, 1845 (South Africa)

        • Bembix capicola Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix carinata Smith, 1856 (Ethiopia)

        • Bembix compedita Turner, 1913 (South Africa)

        • Bembix cultrifera Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix cultrifera ypsilon Arnold, 1951 (Ethiopia)

        • Bembix denticauda Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

        • Bembix diversidens  Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

        • Bembix diversipennis Smith, 1873 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)

        • Bembix expansa Gribodo, 1894 (Ethiopia)

        • Bembix flavocincta Turner, 1912 (South Africa)

        • Bembix fraudulenta Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix fuscipennis Lepeletier, 1845 (South Africa)

        • Bembix gracilens Parker, 1929 (Namibia)

        • Bembix grisescens Dahlbom, 1845 (South Africa)

        • Bembix harenarum Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix hova Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

        • Bembix junodi Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix kriechbaumeri scitula Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix latebrosa Kohl, 1909 (Madagascar)

        • Bembix lineatifrons Cameron, 19190 (Tanzania)

        • Bembix liturata Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

        • Bembix liturata flavopicta Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix lobatifrons Turner, 1913 (Kenya)

        • Bembix madecassa Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

        • Bembix massaica Cameron, 1908

        • Bembix melanopa Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix melanopa algoensis Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

        • Bembix melanosoma Gribodo, 1894 (Mozambique)

        • Bembix moebii Handlirsch, 1893 (Ethiopia)

        • Bembix monedula Handlirsch, 1893 (Ethiopia)

        • Bembix nupera Parker, 1929 (Kenya)

        • Bembix obtusa Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

        • Bembix ochracea Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix odontopyga Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

        • Bembix olivata Dahlbom, 1845 (South Africa)

        • Bembix opima Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

        • Bembix ornatilabiata Cameron, 1910 (Tanzania)

        • Bembix rava Arnold, 1952 (Kenya)

        • Bembix recurva Parker, 1929 (Cameroon)

        • Bembix scaura Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix scotti Turner, 1912 (Nigeria)

        • Bembix sibilans Handlirsch, 1893 (South Africa)

        • Bembix silvestrii Maidl, 1914 (Nigeria)

        • Bembix speciosa Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix stadelmanni  Handlirsch, 1893 (Kenya)

        • Bembix stevensoni  Parker, 1929 (Central African Republic, South Africa)

        • Bembix tenuifasciata Parker, 1929 (Nigeria)

        • Bembix triangulifera Arnold, 1944 (South Africa)

        • Bembix ugandensis Turner, 1913 (Uganda)

        • Bembix ulula Arnold, 1919 (South Africa)

        • Bembix undulata Spinola, 1838 (South Africa)

        • Bembix venusta Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Bembix versuta Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

    • Tribe Gorytini Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845

      • Genus Afrogorytes Menke, 1967

        • Afrogorytes gibbosus (Arnold, 1936) (Namibia)

        • Afrogorytes monstrosus (Handlirsch in Kohl, 1894) (Djibouti, Somalia, Tanzania, Yemen, Zambia)

      • Genus Gorytes Latreille, 1805

        • Gorytes jonesi (Turner, 1920) (South Africa)

        • Gorytes melpomene (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Gorytes effugiens (Brauns, 1911) South Africa)

        • Gorytes natalensis (Smith, 1856) (South Africa)

        • Gorytes nyasicus (Turner, 1915) (South Africa)

        • Gorytes ranosahae (Arnold, 1945) (Madagascar)

      • Genus Harpactus Shuckard, 1837

        • Harpactus decipiens (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Harpactus histrio (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

        • Harpactus lepidus (Arnold, 1944) (South Africa)

        • Harpactus rufithorax (Brauns, 1911) (South Africa)

        • Harpactus vicarius (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Harpactus karooensis (Brauns, 1911) (South Africa)

        • Harpactus tshardarensis Kazenas 1989 (South Africa)

      • Genus Hoplisoides Gribodo, 1884

        • Hoplisoides aglaia (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Hoplisoides basutorum (Arnold, 1958) (South Africa)

        • Hoplisoides bipustulatus (Arnold, 1945) (Madagascar)

        • Hoplisoides boranensis (Guiglia, 1939) (Ethiopia)

        • Hoplisoides braunsii (Handlirsch, 1901) (Mozambique)

        • Hoplisoides calliope (Arnold, 1936) (Democratic Republic of Congo)

        • Hoplisoides eurynome (Arnold, 1955) (South Africa)

        • Hoplisoides intricans Gribodo, 1884 (South Africa)

        • Hoplisoides marshalli (Turner, 1915) (Zimbabwe)

        • Hoplisoides montivagus (Arnold, 1951) (Ethiopia)

        • Hoplisoides mweruensis (Arnold, 1952) (Zambia)

        • Hoplisoides thalia (Handlirsch 1895) (South Africa)

        • Hoplisoides umtalicus (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Hoplisoides whitei (Cameron, 1905) (South Africa)

      • Genus Lestiphorus Lepeletier, 1832

        • Lestiphorus mimicus (Arnold, 1931) (Namibia)

    • Tribe Handlirschiini Nemkov and Lelej, 1996

      • Genus Handlirschia Kohl, 1897

        • Handlirschia aethiopa (Handlirsch, 1889) (South Africa)

        • Handlirschia tricolor Gess, 1973 (South Africa)

    • Tribe Spheciini Nemkov and Ohl, 2011

      • Genus Ammatomus Costa, 1859

        • Ammatomus biguttatus Arnold, 1945 (Madagascar)

        • Ammatomus elongatulus Turner, 1920 (South Africa)

        • Ammatomus fallax Arnold, 1945 (Madagascar)

        • Ammatomus fuscipes (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Ammatomus gemellus (Arnold, 1929) (Namibia)

        • Ammatomus grandcourti Schmid-Egger, 2019 (Israel, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

        • Ammatomus madecassus (von Schulthess in Friederichs, 1918) (Madagascar)

        • Ammatomus pictipes (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Ammatomus pretoriensis (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Ammatomus rubicundus Arnold, 1945 (Madagascar)

        • Ammatomus seyrigi Arnold, 1945 (Madagascar)

        • Ammatomus spiniferus (du Buysson, 1897) (South Africa)

        • Ammatomus spiniferus latus Arnold, 1951 (Ethiopia)

        • Ammatomus stevensoni (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Ammatomus vanharteni Schmid-Egger, 2019 (Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

        • Ammatomus yemenensis Schmid-Egger, 2019 (Yemen)

      • Genus Kohlia Handlirsch, 1895

        • Kohlia cephalotes Handlirsch, 1895 (South Africa)

      • Genus Sphecius Dahlbom, 1843

        • Sphecius citrinus Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)

        • Sphecius grandidieri (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

        • Sphecius milleri Turner, 1915 (South Africa)

    • Tribe Stizini A. Costa, 1859

      • Genus Bembecinus Costa, 1859

        • Bembecinus adeni Schmid-Egger, 2004 (Oman, Syria, Yemen)

        • Bembecinus aemulus (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus angustifrons (Arnold, 1940) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus argentifrons (Smith, 1856) (Kenya, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

        • Bembecinus assentator (Arnold, 1945) (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus atratus (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus bidens (Arnold, 1933) (Ethiopia)

        • Bembecinus boer (Handlirsch, 1900) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus brooksi Bohart, 1997 (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus buyssoni (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus bytinskii de Beaumont, 1954 (Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

        • Bembecinus caffer (de Saussure, 1854) (South Africa, Zambia)

        • Bembecinus chilwae Bohart, 1997 (Malawi)

        • Bembecinus chirindensis (Arnold, 1936) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus cinguliger (Smith, 1856) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus corpulentus (Arnold, 1929) (Ethiopia)

        • Bembecinus damarensis Gess & Pulawski, 2015 (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus dentiventris (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus discolor (Handlirsch, 1892) (Yemen. Also Palaearctic region: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia)

        • Bembecinus distinctus (Arnold, 1955) (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus dubiousus (Guiglia, 1941) (Ethiopia)

        • Bembecinus flavopictus (Arnold, 1936) (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus fraterculus (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus gariepensis Gess and Pulawski, 2015 (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus gilvus Bohart, 1997 (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus haemorrhoidalis (Handlirsch, 1900) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus haplocerus (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus helicicola Pulawski, 2015 (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus herbsti (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus hirtiusculis (Arnold, 1945) (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus hoplites (Handlirsch, 1892) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus hoplites minor (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus hyperocrus (Arnold, 1929) (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus inexspectatus Pulawski, 2015 (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus iranicus Schmid-Egger, 2004 (Saudi Arabia. Also Palaearctic region: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates)

        • Bembecinus irwini Bohart, 1997 (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus jacksoni (Arnold, 1955) (Kenya)

        • Bembecinus kachelibae (Arnold, 1960) (Kenya)

        • Bembecinus karasanus Gess and Pulawski, 2015 (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus karooensis (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus kobrowi (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus laterimacula (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus laticaudatus (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus laticinctus (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus lomii (Guiglia, 1945) (Ethiopia)

        • Bembecinus maior (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus mirus (Arnold, 1945) (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus mitulus (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus monodon (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus mutabilis (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus namaquensis Pulawski, 2015 (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus namibius Pulawski, 2015 (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus namibicus Bohart, 1997 (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus nemoralis (Arnold, 1960) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus nyasae (Turner, 1912) (Zambia)

        • Bembecinus omaruru Pulawski, 2015 (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus oxydorcus (Handlirsch, 1900) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus pakhuisaeBohart, 1997 (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus polychromus (Handlirsch, 1895) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus proteus (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus quadristrigatus (Arnold, 1929) (Angola, Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus rectilateralis (Arnold, 1945) (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus rhopaloceroides (Arnold, 1929) (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus rhopalocerus(Handlirsch, 1895) (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Bembecinus rozenorum Bohart, 1997 (Namibia)

        • Bembecinus sipapomae (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus solitarius (Arnold, 1936) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus somalicus Arnold, 1940 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania)

        • Bembecinus spinicornis (de Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus stevensoni Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

        • Bembecinus wenzeli Bohart, 1997 (Madagascar)

        • Bembecinus witzenbergensis (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

        • Bembecinus zebratus Bohart, 1997 (South Africa)

      • Genus Stizoides Guérin-Méneville, 1844

        • Stizoides abdominalis Dahlbom, 1845 (Egypt, United Arab Emirates)

        • Stizoides amoena F. Smith, 1856 (Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, West Africa)

        • Stizoides aryan Ohl, 1999 (India)

        • Stizoides assimilis (Fabricius, 1787) (Algeria, Dubai, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

        • Stizoides blandinus F. Smith, 1856 (India)

        • Stizoides citrinus (Klug, 1845) (Egypt, India, Niger, United Arab Emirates)

        • Stizoides conscriptus (Nurse, 1903)

        • Stizoides cornutus (F. Smith, 1873)

        • Stizoides crassicornis (Fabricius, 1787)

        • Stizoides cyanipennis (de Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

        • Stizoides cyanopterus (Gussakovskij, 1928)

        • Stizoides erythrogaster (Turner, 1917)

        • Stizoides fenestratus(Smith, 1856) (Democratic Republic of Congo)

        • Stizoides foxi Gillaspy, 1963

        • Stizoides funebris (Handlirsch, 1900) (Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizoides klugii (Smith, 1856) (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

        • Stizoides labirubiginus (X. Zhang and Q. Li, 2011)

        • Stizoides melanopterus (Dahlbom, 1845)

        • Stizoides mionii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)

        • Stizoides nigerRadoszkowski, 1881 (Angola, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda)

        • Stizoides persimilis (Turner, 1918) (Kenya)

        • Stizoides renicinctus (Say, 1823)

        • Stizoides persimilis (Turner, 1918) (Kenya)

        • Stizoides rubifunebris Ohl, 1999 (Mali, Nigeria, Sudan)

        • Stizoides sahel Ohl, 1999 (Mali, Mauritania)

        • Stizoides simpsoni (Turner, 1916) (Ghana)

        • Stizoides sokoto (Ohl, 1999) (Nigeria)

        • Stizoides tridentatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Afghanistan, Algeria, Bulgaria, Crimea, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Israel,  Italy, Kazakhstan, Libya, [?Madagascar], Morocco, Mongolia, Portugal, Romania,  Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,  Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia)

        • Stizoides tuberculiventris (Turner, 1912) (Zimbabwe)

        • Stizoides verhoeffi Bytinski-Salz in de Beaumont and Bytinski-Salz, 1955

        • Stizoides zulu Ohl, 1999 (South Africa)

      • Genus Stizus Latreille, 1802

        • Stizus anchoratus Mantero, 1917 (Egypt, Eritrea)

        • Stizus apicalis Guérin-Méneville, 1844 (Ethiopia, Senegal)

        • Stizus atrox (Smith, 1856) (South Africa)

        • Stizus aurifluus Turner, 1916 (Ghana)

        • Stizus basalis Guérin-Méneville, 1844 (Egypt, Mali, Senegal, Sudan)

        • Stizus baumanni Handlirsch, 1901 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus beccarii Mantero, 1917 (Ethiopia)

        • Stizus berlandi Arnold, 1945 (Madagascar)

        • Stizus bizonatus Spinola, 1839 (Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates)

        • Stizus breyeriArnold, 1936 (Namibia)

        • Stizus chrysorrhoeus Handlirsch, 1892 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus combustus (F. Smith, 1856) (Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen)

        • Stizus dewitzii Handlirsch, 1892 (Ethiopia, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus ellenbergeriArnold, 1929 (Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus erythraeensis Mantero, 1917 (Ethiopia)

        • Stizus erythrocephala (Taschenberg, 1880) (Ethiopia)

        • Stizus excellens Lohrmann, 1943 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus fuscatus Morice, 1897 (Egypt, Israel, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emerates, Western Sahara).

        • Stizus fuscipennis (F. Smith, 1856) (Namibia, South Africa)

        • Stizus hamatus Arnold, 1929 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus imperialisHandlirsch, 1892 (South Africa)

        • Stizus kohlii Mocsáry, 1883 (Egypt, Syria, Turkey)

        • Stizus lohrmanniBohart, 1939 (Namibia)

        • Stizus marshalliTurner, 1912 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus marthae Handlirsch, 1892 (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia)

        • Stizus melanurusHandlirsch, 1892 (Namibia, Senegal, South Africa)

        • Stizus multicolor Turner, 1916 (Somalia, South Africa, Uganda)

        • Stizus neavei Turner, 1912 (South Africa)

        • Stizus nigriventris Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

        • Stizus niloticus Handlirsch, 1892 (Chad, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Libya, Oman, Sinai, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

        • Stizus pauli Mantero, 1917 (Ethiopia)

        • Stizus rapaxHandlirsch, 1892 (Algeria, Egypt)

        • Stizus richardsi Arnold, 1959 (Zambia)

        • Stizus rubellus Turner, 1912 (South Africa)

        • Stizus ruficornis (J. Forster, 1771) (Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Yemen. Widespread in Palaearctic region)

        • Stizus saussurei Handlirsch, 1895 (South Africa)

        • Stizus savignyiSpinola, 1839. (Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Kuwait, Iran, Israel, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates)

        • Stizus spinulosus Radoszkowski, 1876 (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Western Sahara)

        • Stizus vespoides Walker, 1871 (Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel,  Libya, Morocco, Niger, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen)

        • Stizus wheeleri Arnold, 1959 (Zimbabwe)

        • Stizus zonatus (Klug, 1845) (Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Saudi Arabia)

  • Subfamily Nyssoninae Latreille, 1804

    • Genus Brachystegus Costa, 1859

      • Brachystegus capensis (Handlirsch, 1887) (South Africa)

      • Brachystegus cataractae Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

      • Brachystegus decipiens (Arnold, 1929) (South Africa)

      • Brachystegus ludovici (Turner, 1920) (South Africa)

      • Brachystegus magrettii (Mantero, 1917) (Ethiopia)

      • Brachystegus nasutus (Cameron, 1910) (Kenya)

      • Brachystegus rhodesiae (Arnold, 1929) (Zimbabwe)

    • Genus Hovanysson Arnold, 1945

      Genus Nysson Latreille, 1796

      • Nysson braunsii Handlirsch, 1900 (South Africa)

      • Nysson minutus Arnold, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

      • Nysson willowmorensis Brauns, 1911 (South Africa)

      • Nysson rufoniger (Turner, 1912) (Zimbabwe)

References

Aguiar AP, Deans AR, Engel MS, Forshage M, Huber JT, Jennings JT, Johnson NF, Lelej AS, Longino JT, Lohrmann V, Miko I. 2013. Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703: 51-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12

Branstetter MG, Danforth BN, Pitts JP, Faircloth BC, Ward PS, Buffington ML, Gates MW, Kula RR, Brady SG. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027

Branstetter MG, Childers AK, Cox-Foster D, Hopper KR, Kapheim KM, Toth AL, Worley KC. 2018. Genomes of the Hymenoptera. Current Opinion in Insect Science 25: 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.11.008

Brothers D.J. 1999. Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea) Zoologica Scripta 28: 233–250.

Debevec AH, Cardinal S, Danforth BN. 2012. Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea. Zoologica scripta 41: 527-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00549.x

Eardley, C, Finnamore, A.T. & Michener, C.D. 1993. Superfamily Apoidea (pp. 279-357). In GOULET, H. & HUBER, J. (eds). Hymenoptera of the World: an identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 668 pp.

Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. 320 pp.

Johnson BR, Borowiec ML, Chiu JC, Lee EK, Atallah J, Ward PS. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050

Ohl, M. & Bleidorn, C. 2006. The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wasp family Heterogynaidae based on molecular data, with description of a new, nocturnal species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Systematic Entomology 31: 321–337. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2005.00313.x

Peters RS, Krogmann L, Mayer C, Donath A, Gunkel S, Meusemann K, Kozlov A, Podsiadlowski L, Petersen M, Lanfear R, Diez PA. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27:1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027

Pilgrim EM, von Dohlen CD, Pitts JP. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zoologica Scripta 37: 539–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00340.x

Sann M, Niehuis O, Peters R, Mayer C, Kozlov A, Podsiadlowski L, Bank S, Meusemann K, Misof B, Bleidorn C, Ohl M. 2018. Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1155-8

Sann, M., Meusemann, K., Niehuis, O., Escalona, H.E., Mokrousov, M., Ohl, M., Paul, T. & Schmid-Egger, C. (2021) Reanalysis of the apoid wasp phylogeny with additional taxa and sequence data confirms the placement of Ammoplanidae as sister to bees. Systematic Entomology 46 (3), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12475

Sharkey, M., 2007. Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Zootaxa 1668: 521–548.

Sharkey, M.J., Carpenter, J.M., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J., Liljeblad, J., Dowling, A.P.G., Schulmeister, S., Murray, D., Deans, A.R., Ronquist, F., Krogmann, L. and Wheeler, W.C. 2012. Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics 28: 80–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x

Links

CATALOG OF WORLD SPHECIDAE sensu lato (= Apoidea excluding bees) compiled by Wojciech J. Pulawski (California Academy of Sciences).

Credits

Photograph © Iziko Museums of South Africa.


Web author Simon van Noort (Iziko South African Museum)

 

Citation: van Noort, S. 2025. WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the World. URL: www.waspweb.org (accessed on <day/month/year>).

Copyright 2004-2025 Iziko Museums of South Africa

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