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Phygadeuontinae
of the Afrotropical Region
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(Life:
Kingdom: Metazoa
(animals); Phylum: Arthropoda;
Class: Hexapoda;
Order: Hymenoptera;
Superfamily: Ichneumonoidea; Family:
Ichneumonidae)
Pezomachoidae Förster, 1869: 143, 172. Type genus: Pezomachus Gravenhorst
(= Gelis Thunberg).
Phygadeuontoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 181. Type genus: Phygadeuon
Gravenhorst.
Hemiteloidae Förster, 1869: 144, 173. Type genus: Hemiteles
Gravenhorst.
Stilpnoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 188. Type genus: Stilpnus
Gravenhorst.
Hemigastrini Ashmead, 1900: 38. Type genus: Hemigaster
Brullé.
Myersiidae Viereck, 1912: 575. Type genus: Myersia Viereck
( = Polyaulon Förster).
Gelinae Viereck, 1918: 73. Type genus: Gelis Thunberg. |
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Acrolyta Förster,
1869
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Amphibulus Kriechbaumer,
1893
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Astomaspis Förster,
1869
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Atractodes Gravenhorst,
1829
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Bathythrix Förster,
1869
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Bodedia Seyrig,
1952
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Ceratophygadeuon Viereck,
1924
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Charitopes Förster,
1869
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Chirotica Förster,
1869
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Diaglyptella
Förster,
1869
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Diatora
Förster,
1869 |
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Dichrogaster Doumerc,
1855
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Diracela Townes,
1973
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Dolichomastix Ceballos,
1924
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Encrateola Strand,
1917
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Gabia Seyrig,
1952
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Gelis Thunberg,
1827
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Gerdius
Townes,
1970
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Gessia Townes,
1973
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Goryphus Holmgren,
1868
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Gotra
Seyrig,
1952
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Handaoia Seyrig,
1952
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Indovia Seyrig,
1952
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Lienella Cameron,
1905
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Mamelia Seyrig,
1952
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Neopimpla Ashmead,
1900 |
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Nipponaetes Uchida,
1933
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Paraglyptus Seyrig,
1952
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Paraphylax Förster,
1869
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Phygadeuon Gravenhorst,
1829
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Retalia Seyrig,
1952
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Sozites Seyrig,
1952
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Xenolytus Förster,
1869
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Distribution |
Worldwide. |
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Biology |
Most are idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Holometabola pupae
or prepupae. Some species are koinobiont or endoparasitoids, and some
species parasitize the egg masses of Araneae and Pseudoscorpionida.
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Diagnosis |
Body usually small (forewing almost always 2.0–8.5, very
rarely up to 11 mm, with some apterous species). Clypeus usually convex,
separated from face by groove. Supraclypeal area of male almost never
marked with yellow or whitish. Apical truncation of flagellum
transversal to oblique. Male antenna nearly always with tyloids.
Epicnemial carina distinct both ventrally and laterally. Sternaulus
distinct, reaching at least 0.5 of the length to mid-coxa, when complete
ending distinctly dorsad of ventral corner of mesopleuron. Postpectal
carina incomplete, often vestigial or absent. Dorsal margin of metanotum
posteriorly with a sublateral triangular projection opposite to the
anterior end of sublateral longitudinal carina of propodeum. Foretibia
of female never swollen (except in Bilira Townes). Propodeum almost
always with both longitudinal and transverse carinae. Areolet pentagonal
and well delimited, even if crossvein 3r-m is absent. Forewing crossvein
2m-cu usually distinct, rarely spectral or absent, usually distinctly
inclivous and with two bullae. Hindwing vein M+Cu distinctly arched.
Metasoma cylindrical to dosoventrally depressed, segments 3 and 4 wider
than high; apex of metasoma often truncate. First metasomal tergite
usually posteriorly widened, without glymma, its spiracle placed
posteriorly to mid-length. Thyridium usually small; gastrocoeli absent.
Ovipositor almost always extending conspicuously beyond metasomal apex,
usually 0.3–1.2× length of hindtibia, its sheaths flexible (Santos,
2017). |
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References |
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1994. Opinion 1757. Cryptus
Fabricius, 1804 and Cryptinae Kirby, 1837 (Insecta, Hymenoptera)
conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 51(1):74-75.
Rousse, P. & Villemant, C. 2012.
Ichneumons in Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local
Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) species, including 15 new taxa and a key to species.
Zootaxa 3278: 1–57.
Santos BF. 2017.
Phylogeny and reclassification of Cryptini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae,
Cryptinae), with implications for ichneumonid higher-level
classification. Systematic Entomology. doi:10.1111/syen.12238
Seyrig,
A. 1952. Les Ichneumonides de Madagascar. IV Ichneumonidae Cryptinae.
Mémoires
de l'Académie Malgache. Fascicule XIX. 213 pp.
Yu D.S., van Achterberg, K.,
Horstmann, K. 2011. World Ichneumonoidea 2011.
Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution. Available from
Vancouver, Canada: Taxapad.
www.taxapad.com
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Credits
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Photographs
© Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa).
Banner image © Vida van der Walt. |
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Acaenitinae;
Anomaloninae;
Banchinae;
Brachycyrtinae;
Sisyrostolinae;
Campopleginae;
Cremastinae;
Cryptinae;
Ctenopelmatinae;
Diplazontinae;
Eucerotinae;
Ichneumoninae;
Lycorininae;
Mesochorinae;
Metopiinae;
Ophioninae;
Orthocentrinae;
Pimplinae;
Rhyssinae;
Tersilochinae;
Tryphoninae;
Xoridinae
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