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Figitidae

Classification of African and Madagascan figitid wasps

(Life: Kingdom: Metazoa (animals); Phylum: Arthropoda; Class: Hexapoda; Order: Hymenoptera; Superfamily: Cynipoidea)

Identification keys CHECK

  • Subfamily Anacharitinae

    • Genus Anacharis Dalman, 1823

      • Anacharis species

  • Subfamily Aspicerinae

    • Genus Anacharoides Cameron, 1904

      • Anacharoides arcus Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda)

      • Anacharoides astrida Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia)

      • Anacharoides decellius Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

      • Anacharoides elongaticornis Benoit, 1956 (Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Anacharoides eurytergis Benoit, 1956 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Anacharoides nigra Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Anacharoides pallida Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

      • Anacharoides paragi Benoit, 1956 (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Anacharoides quadrus Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

      • Anacharoides rufa (Kieffer, 1912) (Ethiopia, South Africa)

      • Anacharoides sanitas Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, Uganda, Yemen, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Anacharoides striaticeps Cameron, 1904 (Angola, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Anacharoides stygius Benoit, 1956 (Ethiopia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Anacharoides suspensus Quinlan, 1979 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal)

    • Genus Aspicera Dahlbom, 1842 (Extra-limital)

      • Aspicera aegyptica Hedicke (Egypt)

      • Aspicera lobata Hedicke (Tunisia)

    • Genus Prosaspicera Kieffer, 1907

      • Prosaspicera africana (Kinsey, 1919) (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

      • Prosaspicera antennata (Benoit, 1956) (Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Prosaspicera kisantua (Benoit, 1956) (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Prosaspicera optivus Quinlan, 1979 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia)

      • Prosaspicera paragicida (Benoit, 1956) (Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Prosaspicera tropica (Kieffer, 1910) (Ethiopia, Malawi)

  • Subfamily Charipinae

    • Genus Alloxysta Foerster, 1869

      • Alloxysta cabrerai (Kieffer, 1904) (Canary Islands)

      • Alloxysta hendricki (Benoit, 1956) (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Alloxysta quedenfeldti (Kieffer, 1909) (Algeria)

    • Genus Apocharips Fergusson, 1986

      • Apocharips peraptera (Silvestri, 1915) (Ethiopia)

      • Apocharips trapezoidea (Hartig, 1841) (Canary islands)

    • Genus Dilyta Förster, 1869

    • Genus Phaenoglyphis Foerster, 1869

      • Phaenoglyphis numidica (Kieffer, 1909) (Algeria)

      • Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841) (Morocco, Algeria and Canary islands)

  • Subfamily Emargininae

    • Genus Emargo Weld, 1960

      • Emargo ascia Quinlan, 1988 (Madagascar, Zambia)

      • Emargo cantus Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Emargo capito Quinlan, 1988 (Madagascar)

      • Emargo laverna Quinlan, 1988 (Kenya, Zimbabwe)

      • Emargo matius Quinlan, 1988 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Zimbabwe)

      • Emargo micipsa Quinlan, 1988 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, )

      • Emargo numa Quinlan, 1988 (Zimbabwe)

      • Emargo palloris Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Emargo peleus Quinlan, 1988 (Cameroon, Madagascar)

      • Emargo pexus Quinlan, 1988 (Madagascar)

      • Emargo themis Quinlan, 1988 (Cameroon, Madagascar)

      • Emargo vacuna Quinlan, 1988 (South Africa)

    • Genus Thoreauella Girault, 1930

      • Thoreaulla species

  • Subfamily Eucoilinae

    • Genus Afrodontaspis Weld, 1961

      • Afrodontaspis lanatus Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya)

      • Afrodontaspis striatissima Benoit, 1956 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda)

    • Genus Angustacorpa Quinlan, 1988

      • Angustacorpa apsus Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya)

      • Angustacorpa persa Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Angustacorpa prodicus Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Angustacorpa triton Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Bothrochacis Cameron, 1904

      • Bothrochacis erythropoda Cameron, 1904 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa)

      • Bothrochacis rufiventris (Kieffer, 1913) (Kenya)

      • Bothrochacis serratepilosa Benoit, 1956 (Rwanda)

    • Genus Cothonaspis Hartig, 1840

      • Cothonaspis dulcis Quinlan, 1986 (Madagascar, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Cothonaspis ealis Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa)

      • Cothonaspis pentatoma Hartig, 1840 (Europe)

    • Genus Daruna Benoit, 1956

      • Daruna muhavura Benoit, 1956 (Ruanda)

    • Genus Diglyphosema Foerster, 1869

      • Diglyphosema eupatorii Foesrter, 1869 (Ruanda)

      • Diglyphosema latesulcatum (Benoit, 1956) (Ruanda)

      • Diglyphosema utica Quinlan, 1956 (Ivory Coast, Nigeria)

    • Genus Ealata Quinlan, 1986

      • Ealata clava Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Kenya, Mauritius, Principe Is., South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Ealata marica Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Ealata saba Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda,  Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

    • Genus Eucoila Westwood, 1833

      • Eucoila bantia Quinlan, 1988 (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Eucoila camerounensis Risbec, 1956 (Cameroon)

      • Eucoila erinna Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Eucoila marina Quinlan, 1988 (Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Eucoila veleda Quinlan, 1988 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

    • Genus Ganaspis ****, ***

      • Ganaspis tyloidalis Benoit, 1956 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ruanda)

    • Genus Glauraspidia Thomson, 1862

      • Glauraspidia casca Quinlan, 1988 (Seychelles)

      • Glauraspidia scyphus Quinlan, 1988 (Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

    • Genus Gronotoma Foerster, 1869

      • Gronotoma advena (Quinlan, 1986) (Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Yemen, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma bucca (Quinlan, 1986) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda, Yemen, Democratic Republic of Congo,  Zambia)

      • Gronotoma compressa (Quinlan, 1986) (Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma conversa (Quinlan, 1986) (Cameroon, Gold Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma dubia (Quinlan, 1986) (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

      • Gronotoma extraria (Quinlan, 1986) (Madagascar)

      • Gronotoma fetura (Quinlan, 1986) (Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo,  Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma furcula (Quinlan, 1986) (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma lacerta (Quinlan, 1986) (Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Gronotoma lana (Quinlan, 1986) (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Gronotoma leptis (Quinlan, 1986) (Cameroon)

      • Gronotoma marcellus (Quinlan, 1986) (Madagascar, Mauritius, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Gronotoma mauri (Quinlan, 1986) (South Africa)

      • Gronotoma nitida (Benoit, 1956) (Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma pallida (Quinlan, 1986) (South Africa, Yemen, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Gronotoma parma (Quinlan, 1986) (Madagascar, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Gronotoma perangusta (Quinlan, 1986) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

      • Gronotoma trulla (Quinlan, 1986) (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Gronotoma tyrus (Quinlan, 1986) (Cameroon)

      • Gronotoma urundiensis (Quinlan, 1986) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

    • Genus Hexacola Foerster, 1869

      • Hexacola absensa Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola amantia Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola atropos Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola bifaria Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Hexacola compacta Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola fringa Quinlan, 1986 (Zimbabwe)

      • Hexacola hexatoma (Hartig, 1841) (England, Germany, Uganda)

      • Hexacola octoclava Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola pallida Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola quinqueclavata Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Madagascar, Nigeria,  Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Hexacola quisnama Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola septemius Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Hexacola zama Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Kleidotoma Westwood, 1833

      • Kleidotoma africana Kieffer, 1910 (Rwanda)

      • Kleidotoma arbitra Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Kleidotoma bifurcata Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma conica Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma distenda Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma eala Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma elongula Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Kleidotoma erebus Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma favus Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo,  Zimbabwe)

      • Kleidotoma fimbriata Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma montana Kieffer, 1910 (Rwanda) Species incertae sedis (Quinlan 1986)

      • Kleidotoma morsum Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma nigrans Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma nitidiuscula Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Kleidotoma norma Quinlan, 1986 (Zimbabwe)

      • Kleidotoma strigosa Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria,  Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Kleidotoma ventosus Quinlan, 1986 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Leptopilina Foerster, 1869

      • Leptopilina apella Quinlan, 1988 (Madagascar, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina atraticeps (Kieffer, 1911) (Nigeria, Seychelles)

      • Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton & Kelner-Pillault, 1979) (Aldabra, Guadeloupe, Madagascar, Seychelles, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

      • Leptopilina fannius Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina faunus Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina heterotoma Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Palestine, Sweden)

      • Leptopilina itys Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Leptopilina mahensis (Kieffer, 1911) (Seychelles)

      • Leptopilina misensus Quinlan, 1988 (Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina pisonis Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina syphax Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina thetus Quinlan, 1988 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina vesta Quinlan, 1988 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Leptopilina victoriae Nordlander, 1980

        • (Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Nordlanderia Quinlan, 1986

      • Nordlanderia acis Quinlan, 1986 (Namibia, South Africa)

      • Nordlanderia pallida Quinlan, 1986 (Ghana, South Africa)

      • Nordlanderia plowa Quinlan, 1986 (Aldabra, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

    • Genus Rhoptromeris Foerster, 1869

      • Rhoptromeris abba Quinlan, 1986 (Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris afer Quinlan, 1986 (Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris agis Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris attis Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris bicolor Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Rhoptromeris bupalus Quinlan, 1986 (Kenya, Reunion, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Rhoptromeris cepheus Quinlan, 1986 (Kenya)

      • Rhoptromeris connatus Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris crito Quinlan, 1986 (Madagascar)

      • Rhoptromeris cubitalis Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris diversa Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris enna Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris equalis Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris hebe Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris heptoma (Hartig, 1840) (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris navius Quinlan, 1986 (Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

      • Rhoptromeris naxos Quinlan, 1986 (Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris oeta Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris pagasa Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris pallidus Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris persius Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris punctata Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris rufulus Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris rutshuris Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris rwanki Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris sinis Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris temesa Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris thales Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris velia Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris zetes Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Rhoptromeris zeus Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Sirenes Quinlan, 1988

      • Sirenes floccus Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes orbilus Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes silenus Quinlan, 1988 (Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes sinis Quinlan, 1988 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes spio Quinlan, 1988 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes steropes Quinlan, 1988 (Kenya, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes syrinx Quinlan, 1988 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Sirenes syrtes Quinlan, 1988

        • (Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Stentorceps Quinlan, 1984

      • Stentorceps tubicen Quinlan, 1984 (Kenya)

    • Genus Trichoplasta Benoit ,1956

      • Trichoplasta bicolor Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa)

      • Trichoplasta brevispina (Masner, 1960) (Kenya, Zimbabwe)

      • Trichoplasta conica Quinlan, 1986 (Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta contrasta Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta equalis Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta extensus Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta filiformis Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta gracilicornis (Kieffer, 1910) (South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta longispina (Masner, 1960) (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta medlia Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta narrata Quinlan, 1986 (Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta novema Quinlan, 1986 (Uganda Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta octonarius Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta quinclava Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta rufus Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar)

      • Trichoplasta tanganyikensis (Weld, 1944) (Cameroon, Rwanda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta testacea Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria)

      • Trichoplasta unicolora Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Trichoplasta zeus Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon)

    • Genus Trybliographa ****, ***

      • Trybliographa naivashae Kieffer, *** (Kenya, Ruanda)

      • Trybliographa ruandana (Benoit, 1956) (Ruanda)

  • Subfamily Figitinae

    • Genus Figites Latrielle, 1802

      • Figites effossus Benoit, 1956 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Figites favonius Benoit, 1956 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Figites fraudator Benoit, 1956 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

      • Figites furvus Benoit, 1956 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

    • Genus Neralsia Cameron, 1883

    • Genus Xyalophora Kieffer, 1901

      • Xyalophora aciculata Benoit, 1956 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

  • Subfamily Pycnostigminae

  • Subfamily Thrasorinae

    • Genus Thrasorus Weld, 1944

      • Thrasorus species (South Africa: Western Cape)

References

Buffington, M.L. & van Noort, S. 2007. A world revision of Pycnostigminae (Cynipoidea: Figitidae) with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 1392: 1-30

Cameron, P. 1904. Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera from Dunbrody, Cape Colony. Records of the Albany Museum 1: 125-160.

Cameron, P. 1905. A new genus and species of Cynipidae from South Africa, representing a new subfamily. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, Series 7, 16,  20-21.

Benoit, P.L.G. 1956. Figitidae - Aspicerinae nouveaux du Congo Belge. Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 53: 195-204.

Fontal-Cazalla, F. M., Buffington, M. L., Nordlander, G., Liljeblad, J., Ros-Farré, P., Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Pujade-Villar, J. & Ronquist, F. (2002). Phylogeny of the Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae). Cladistics 18, 154–199.

Paretas-Martínez, J., Arnedo, M.A., Melika, G., Selfa, J., Seco-Fernández, M.V., Fülöp, D., Pujade-Villar, J. 2007. Phylogeny of the parasitic wasp subfamily Charipinae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae) Zoologica Scripta 36: 153–172.

Paretas-Martinez, J.; Melika, G.; Pujade-Villar, J. 2009. Description of four new species of Dilyta Förster (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae) from the Afrotropical Region. African Entomology 17: 207-214.

Quinlan, J. 1979. A revisionary classification of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera) of the Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region. Aspicerinae (Figitidae) and Oberthuerellinae (Liopteridae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 39: 85-133.

Quinlan, J. 1986. A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomology) 52, 243–366.

Quinlan, J. 1988. A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomology) 56, 171–229.

Quinlan, J. & Evenhuis, H. H. 1980. Status of the subfamily names Charipinae and Alloxystinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Systematic Entomology 5: 427–430.

Ronquist, F. 1999. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta 28:139–164.

Credits

Photographs by Simon van Noort © Iziko Museums of Cape Town

Matt Buffington (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA/ARS) played an integral role in the development of the Cynipoidea pages

Web author Simon van Noort (Iziko South African Museum)

Copyright 2004-2010 Iziko Museums of Cape Town