Biology |
Parasitoid of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi
(Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) a major pest of citrus trees.
"In 1959, citrus blackfly was discovered near Durban, South
Africa. Eradication was thought to be impractical because of the large
number of dooryard citrus trees in the region, the hilly terrain,
extensive plantings of mango (an alternate host), and the general lack
of commercial and home treatment for scale pests of citrus. Shipments of
Eretmocrus from Jamaica were subsequently established in South
Africa, and the pest potential of citrus blackfly was reduced
significantly (Bedford and Thomas 1965). Biological control using
introduced parasites against the blackfly was also found to be effective
in the Seychelles (Greathead 1971) and in Kenya. Within several years of
the initial releases, sooty mold was virtually eliminated from citrus,
and commercial control had been obtained without the use of insecticides
(Wheatley 1964)." - verbatim quote from Hoelmer & Grace (1989). |
References |
Bedford, E. C. G. & E. D. Thomas. 1965. Biological control
of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) (Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae) in South Africa. J. Ent. Soc. So. Afr. 28: 117-32.
Hoelmer, Kim & Grace, J. 1989. Chapter 10 - Citrus
Blackfly. In: Donald L. Dahlsten, Richard Garcia (eds.) Eradication of Exotic
Pests: Analysis With Case Histories (pp.147-165). Yale University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2250vh8
Flanders SE. 1969. Herbert D. Smith's observations on
citrus blackfly parasites in India and Mexico and the correlated circumstances.
Canadian Entomologist 101: 467-480.
Hart WG, Selhime A, Harlan DP, Ingle SJ, Sanchez RM, Rhode RH, Garcia CA,
Caballero J, Garcia RL. 1978. The introduction and establishment of
parasites of citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi in Florida (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae). Entomophaga 23: 361-366.
Greathead, D. J. 1971. A review of biological control in
the Ethiopian region. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Contr. Tech. Comm. 5.
MacGown M, Nebeker T. 1978. Taxonomic review of Amitus (Hymenoptera:
Proctotrupoidea, Platygastridae) of the western hemisphere. Canadian
Entomologist 110: 275-283.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/Ent110275-3
Masner L. & Huggert, L. 1989. World review and keys to
genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the
Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae).
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada,
147: 1-214.
Nguyen Ru, Brazzel JR, Poucher C. 1983. Population density
of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae),
and its parasites in urban Florida in 1979-1981. Environmental Entomology 12:
878-884.
Silvestri F. 1927. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Aleurodidae (Insecta:
Hemiptera) viventi su citrus in Extremo Oriente e dei loro parasiti. Boll. Lab.
Zool. Portici. 21: 1-60.
Smith HD, Maltby HL, Jimenez EJ. 1964. Biological control of the citrus
blackfly in Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1311:
1-30.
Summy KR, Gilstrap FE, Hart WG, Caballero JM, Saenz I. 1983. Biological
control of citrus blackfly (Homoptera: Aleyrodide) in Texas. Environmental
Entomology 12: 782-796.
van Noort S, Lahey Z, Talamas EJ, Austin AD, Masner L,
Polaszek A, Johnson NF 2021.
Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline
parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). In: Lahey Z, Talamas E (Eds)
Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea III. Journal of Hymenoptera
Research 87: 115–222.
https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770
Wheatley, P. E. 1964. The successful establishment of
Eretmocerus serius Silv. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Kenya. East Afr.
Agric. For.J. 29: 236. |
