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Distribution |
Predominately a northern Hemisphere group. Most of the 1300
described species are Holarctic. The exceptions are eight species that
occur in South America, the endemic South African montypic genera
Qwaqwaia and Rhoophilus and an indigenous South African species of
Phanacis. |
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Biology |
Herbivores that either induce galls on plants or develop
as obligate inhabitants (termed inquilines) in the galls induced by
other insects. |
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References |
Liljeblad,
J., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Neser, S. & Melika, G. 2011.
Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new
tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic
to The Republic of South Africa. Zootaxa 2806: 35–52.
Mayr, G. 1881. Die genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte
der Rossauer Communal Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke 20:1–38.
Ritchie, A.J. 1993.
Superfamily
Cynipoidea (pp.
521-536). In GOULET, H. & HUBER, J. (eds). Hymenoptera of the World:
an identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture
Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 668 pp.
Ronquist, F.
1999.
Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica
Scripta 28:139–164.
Ronquist, F. & Liljeblad, J. 2001. Evolution of the gall wasp–host
plant association. Evolution 55: 2503–2522.
van
Noort, S., Stone, G.N., Whitehead, V.B. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L.
2007.
Biology of Rhoophilus loewi (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea:
Cynipidae), with implications for the evolution of inquilinism in gall
wasps. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
90: 153-172.
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Credits
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Photographs © Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums) or © Liljeblad, J., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L.,
Neser, S. & Melika, G.
Matt Buffington
(Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA/ARS) played an integral role in the
development of the Cynipoidea pages
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