Rhoophilus loewi (scanning electron microscopy). A, head, anterior view, female; B, head, posterior view, female; C, mouth parts; D, antenna, female; E, antenna, male; F, mesosoma, dorsal view, female; G, mesosoma, anterodorsal view, female; H, mesosoma, lateral view, female; I, forewing, adult female.

Rhoophilus loewi (scanning electron microscopy). A, tarsal claw, female; B, metasoma, lateral view, female; C, mesosoma, posterodorsal view, female; D, terminal larva, ventral view of the body; E, terminal larva, anterior view of the head; F, terminal larva, anterior view of mouth parts; G, terminal larva, anterior view of left mandible; H, terminal larva, anterior view of right mandible.

Galls of Rhoophilus loewi. A, B, leaf galls on Rhus lucida; C, flower gall on Rhus lucida; D, young gall cut open showing early instar Rhoophilus loewi larvae in situ; E, cross-section of young gall showing early instar Rhoophilus loewi larvae in situ surrounding the central Scyrotis locule; F, older woody leaf gall; G, older woody flower gall; H, old woody gall with Rhoophilus exit holes; I, cross-section of older woody leaf gall showing Rhoophilus loewi terminal-instar larvae in situ; J, cross-section of the same galls showing the Rhoophilus loewi adults shortly before emerging; K, Rhoophilus loewi adult in gall cavity shortly before emerging; L, stem galls on Rhus undulata; M, Flower gall on Rhus incisa; N, Leaf gall on Rhus undulata; O, Rhoophilus loewi adults in copula on Rhus lucida.

Rhoophilus loewi, chalcid parasitoids and Scyrotis galls. A, Rhoophilus loewi adult; B, R. loewi ovipositing; C, Neanastatus rufatus (Eupelmidae) parasitoid of Scyrotis larva; D, Ormyrus sp. 1, probable hyperparasitoid of Scyrotis larva; E, F, Scyrotis leaf galls on Rhus lucida; G, Scyrotis leaf gall on R. lucida starting to exfoliate; H, exfoliated Scyrotis leaf gall on R. lucida showing jumping bean, which will drop to ground; I, cross-section of Scyrotis leaf gall on R. lucida showing final instar Scyrotis larva; J, final-instar Scyrotis larva; K, cross-section of Scyrotis leaf gall on R. lucida showing parasitized Scyrotis larva on the right and chalcid ectoparasitoid larva on the left; L, stem galls on Rhus laevigata; M, stem galls on Rhus laevigata with exfoliated gall after jumping bean has dropped; N, pixie-cap stem galls on Rhus incisa; O, second type of stem gall on Rhus laevigata; P, pixie-cap leaf galls on Rhus undulata.